The Adventure of the Large Hadron Collider by Daniel Denegri

Author:Daniel Denegri
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company
Published: 2021-06-15T00:00:00+00:00

Fig. 9.12. Cumulative growth of the LHC proton–proton luminosity during 2015. The picture shows both the delivered luminosity by the collider and that recorded by CMS. The greater than 90% efficiency achieved was tremendous for such complex detector systems. It was further improved throughout the years to reaching 96% operational efficiency (ATLAS in 2018). Image: CMS Collaboration.

In July 2015 the operation towards high luminosity at 25-nanosecond bunch crossing rate started, first with 3 on 3 circulating bunches, then 48 on 48, then 150 on 150, followed by 219 on 219, etc. In the early days of November 2015, the LHC was operating with 2244 bunches in each beam and a peak luminosity of 5 × 1033 cm−2 s−1. It delivered up to 250 pb−1 of integrated luminosity per day (figure 9.12), allowing ATLAS and CMS to collect 4 fb−1 integrated luminosity for the year. The goal for the rest of the year was then to have a month-long period of lead–lead collisions at an almost doubled equivalent nucleon–nucleon collision energy of 5 TeV, compared to ion run in 2011, and to accumulate 0.5 nb−1 of integrated luminosity.

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